After having cancelled investment treaties with about 50 foreign governments in 2017, India is now struggling to convince a few to accept new terms and conditions that would make it harder to seek international arbitration, sources familiar with the talks said.
From New Delhi’s perspective, the treaties, which were struck during the 1990s at a time when India was desperate to get foreign capital, had left the country too exposed to potential claims awarded by international arbitrators.
To reduce that exposure, India has drafted a new model agreement that legal advisors say is similar to the ones used by other big emerging market economies such as Brazil and Indonesia. However, some of India’s foreign partners are baulking at the more restrictive approach.
“India is getting nowhere with the negotiations,” said one person, aware of the meetings with government officials over the past 10 months, but does not want to be named as the discussions are private.
Negotiators from countries, including Australia, Iran and the European Union, have told the Indian side that investors were waiting to enter India, but the new terms give too little protection, the person added.
Foremost among their concerns, is the requirement to fight a case in the Indian courts for at least five years before going for international arbitration. There are other provisions that also narrow the scope for companies to make claims, he said.
The new model treaty also has no provision for investors to bring claims against India for any tax-related matters and for disputes arising out of actions taken by local governments.
Currently, India is entangled in over 20 international arbitration cases, and could end up paying billions of dollars in damages if it loses.
Vodafone Group, Cairn Energy and Deutsche Telekom are among those that have initiated arbitration proceedings against India, seeking to protect their investments against retrospective tax claims and cancellation of contracts.
Covered by a bilateral trade and investment agreement between New Delhi and Tokyo, Japanese automaker Nissan was the latest company to sue India, claiming damages of over $770 million in unpaid tax incentives.
While several countries limit the type of tax-related claims that can be made, lawyers say India’s step to omit all tax matters goes too far, and could expose investors to sudden changes in tax rules or retrospective claims.
Negotiating position
Today, India appears to be in a far stronger negotiating position than it was during the 1991 balance of payments crisis. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has a strong mandate and there is more confidence in the ability of his pro-business government to get the under-achieving economy moving than there has been for any of its predecessors.
Since the Modi government came to power in 2014, annual foreign direct investment flows into India have doubled. In 2016, FDI inflows were at $46 billion compared to $22 billion in 2013. But the rate of growth in inflows has been slowing and, according to a UN report, the amount was lower than the $59 billion received by Brazil in 2016.
A European Commission official termed India’s unilateral decision to terminate treaties as “unfortunate” and discriminates between existing investors, who will continue to be protected by the old treaties for a few years after termination, and new ones who will have fewer safeguards.
The Commission is exploring ways to re-establish protection for European investors and resume negotiations on a free trade agreement with India that will include investment, the person mentioned above said.
Canada has also been in talks with India since 2004 to sign its first treaty, but there has been little progress and its trade minister told Reuters in November that Canadian investors are holding back until there is one in place.
“India needs further investments and Canada is willing, but we need a framework. What investors want is to have certainty, stability and predictability,” Francois-Philippe Champagne said in Mumbai during his visit to India as part of a trade mission.
While the sources told Reuters that Australian and Iranian officials had raised concerns in private meetings with Indian counterparts, neither the Australian High Commission in New Delhi or Iran’s ministry of industry, mines and trade responded to emailed requests for comment.
A spokesperson at India’s ministry of external affairs also failed to respond to an email seeking comment.
Meanwhile, some countries, especially those that receive more investment from India than they send, are open to signing, said another person. Israel, for instance, does not oppose some of the provisions and the two nations could soon sign an accord, Business Standard, an Indian newspaper, reported on Wednesday.
And while India remains a capital deficient country, some of its biggest companies have made major investments overseas and would be reassured if there were bilateral treaties in place to protect their interests.
For now, the draft model treaty is a starting point for negotiations, the second person said, but India is in a good position to press for better terms. “India is finally flexing its muscles,” he added.
